The secret to keeping it tight is to twist the eye open - use a lever/rod/wrench to move the free end away from the shank (sideways), then slip on the chain, then twist the free end back into place. Eyebolts are commonly used when forming an assembly to lift or suspend a load. Make sure the rope, carabiners, and hardware are rated for the maximum weight. Even when were not the riders, swings take us back to our childhoods. Tree swings can provide years of fun, but its important to install them in a way that guarantees both your safety as well as the health of the tree. As mentioned earlier, one way to keep impacts to trees to a minimum is to use posts to install your course. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. space of the unthreaded portion of the shank. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. You seem to be very conserned about your trees, but who did the pruning? Does With(NoLock) help with query performance? Add a washer on top, and tighten a nut against it. One is that the rope is still relatively thin, which means the load and friction are concentrated. Listen as well. It's incredibly strong (when fitted correctly), taking between 9000 and 12000 pounds in weight. Lighter, less expensive versions are made for hunters to climb into their tree stands. This is still a common method, of course. base. The pre-drilled holes should be perfectly lined up. The same figure 8 follow through is just as good for tying the loops that attach the seat of the two-rope swing. Trees are capable of slowing their growth down when resources are scarce, and increasing growth when resources are plentiful. Do not use shackles with bent pins or deformed . Schedule a FREE 30 minute telephone appointment with our cable railing product specialists. The first system is the compression ring devised by Ken Huck. 45 degrees makes for 30% of the original rated capacity. Wrap a piece of tape one centimeter from the drill bit tip. Always take into In some instances, there will be a . It is a little stiffer than other synthetics, which means it is harder to knot well and less pleasing in the hand. Make three marks on each of the 2x4s you just cut. How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? Call the kids over. I need to install a 3/4" diameter 24" long eyebolt into a maple tree with a 24" diameter trunk. 2. You may also be able to gently beat it closed with a rubber, plastic, wood, or rawhide mallet. A properly installed swing should not cause any damage or grooves in the tree. These fittings have a shoulder allowing for lifting at slight angles, and a listed working load limit. To correct this, we are going to add washers as needed to get the eye bolts While youre evaluating, check overhead for any broken limbs hung up in the branches, called widowmakers by loggers, or any other threats from above over any portion of the play area. Moreover, because it is a natural product, it is not unusual to have some variability in diameter from rope to rope. Generally, youll want to choose either a 3 or 4 length. It is one of the strongest, at more than twice the strength of natural manila. Tree swings are funny things. And cycles of wetting and drying will cause it to shrink some. Since the products of photosynthesis cannot reach the main storage areathe root systemsometimes the tree trunk will grow above the constriction. Set it at the proper angle, 75 degrees, often depicted on the side of the ladder. Plan on replacing the ropes every couple of years. Heres what I know about hanging one. This uses four pins with blunt tips that are tightened against the tree bark. A healthy tree will have no signs of rot or fungus; no cracks, hollows, or wood boring insects. The landing zone for a tree swing should be clear of hazards and relatively soft. I think I will leave the hooks be. Clip onto it and youre off. entire rigging assembly. Usually, swing ropes will range from 5/8 to just over 1. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The perfect limb for a tree swing depends, in part, on the type of swing youre hanging. But easily its biggest liability is the rate at which it decays. With rope. Finish driving the screws you started earlier to assemble the top of your stand. Note that all the eye bolts are NOT in line.. Arborists have studied the effects for more than 100 years, so theres a good knowledge base to work from. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Others, like black willow, poplar and birch, are relatively weak and brittle. (But as we noted, if there are too many holes in the tree, it is likely that the tree will be weakened physiologically.) If a limb looks good from the ground, then inspect it up close and from above. working load limit of the eye bolt becomes 1240 pounds, which is 80% of the Please click the verification link in your email before signing in for the first time. But for them to be carefree, we need to worry a little for them, to let them experience the small scrapes while protecting them from the big ones. Working at height carries substantial risks. When everything checks out, its play time. How To One mark should be the length of your opening (five inches) away from the end of the board, One should be exactly halfway between that mark (2-1/2-inches), The last one should be at the length of your opening. While it is possible to attach structures to trees without damaging them severely, it is not possible to eliminate all impacts that result. The project was profiled on The Treehouse Guys TV show. Happy to answer any questions or to post pictures of the trees or the eyebolts I ordered or anything else. A wedge or cone of wood might do the trick too. It will be hard to tell from the ground how fast the rope is wearing. Adjust from there. The Shank's length determines the size from right below the eye to the end of the bolt. A few considerations for these options: Then the rope is tied to the line and pulled over. Trees will strengthen themselves at a point of stress, growing thicker to handle increased weight, or growing over a wound. Line up your markings and apply the first clip to the assembly. For example: A lag eye for straight line loading only, and can bend and break if loaded at Importantly, the TAB is designed to work with compartmentalization. For crash-free swinging, leave a minimum of 2.5 feet behind the swing for ample swinging room. . The line is tossed over a strong limb or crotch above the highest point youll be working. Equip yourself with safety gear. A quick way to tighten a screw eye is to insert a screw hook (not a screw eye) into your drill, hook it onto the eye and operate the drill to tighten down the eye. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. Experience or just a forward thinker? The strongest common rope, nylon has many of the attributes that make polyester a great material for a tree swing, with one notable exception: It is very stretchy. They can also be disguised to look like a tree trunk. Repeat as necessary. Natural surfaces usually provide sufficient cushion. For planning purposes, measuring the growth in increments per radius inch is a good rule of thumb. My kids really want a tree swing and it's important to me that it be installed securely. While most of our eye bolts come standard with a drop forged If the structural part is held tight, the tree will begin to envelop it. Subscribe to receive Offers, Discounts and News from E-rigging.com, Copyright 2023 E-Rigging.com. A safety line is worth considering, as is a climbing helmet. Think about the dumb things you did on a swing as a kid, and assume the worst about todays children. The larger the diameter of the shank, the larger the working load limit. If you simply place or rest something with any weight on a tree part, problems for the tree will likely occur sooner or later, depending on species and ecosystem. The secret to keeping it tight is to twist the eye open - use a lever/rod/wrench to move the free end away from the shank (sideways), then slip on the chain, then . These fittings are very versatile and are designed to be inserted through Is this technique correct? In 2012, he gave a presentation at the International Society of Arboricultures International Conference titled, Tree Supported Structures: Zip Lines, Canopy Tours, and Treehouses: Understanding the Arborists Role.. Back them out ~1 turn every year so the tree doesn't grow over them. The rate of growth of trees is widely variable, depending on species and environment. Its one of the more hazardous ways to do the job. Nominally, they are 2 straps, but their scuff resistant covers make them closer to 3 wide. Lag eye bolts have threads designed to screw into wood. this lifting box. In the Winter 2016 issue, we noted several facts pertinent to making a hole in the trees cambium for a bolt. detailed dimensions of our eye bolts. The eye of the bolt should be on the bottom of the tree limb. rev2023.3.1.43269. I suppose there is more than one way to do this, but I'd be strongly inclined to spread the eye-bolt slightly, fit in the twist-link chain, and the squeeze the eye bolt head closed again. 30 degrees makes for 65% of the original rated capacity. How high should you hang the swing? Simply fill out an RMA (Returned Merchandise Authorization) Form and send it to us for Returns. Of course, this objective needs to be tempered by the imperative to work safely, with confidence, and within your own abilities. Generally, there will be stumps present that reveal the growth rateso long as the tree is of the type where annual growth rings are visible. The degree of angle of your load can have a big effect on the working load You can grab a copy of our book, which explains things in more detail here: BACKYARD TREEHOUSES: BUILDING PLANS, TIPS, AND ADVICE You can put a bolt or a TAB into the tree and perch your structural part on top of it. The amount of time that process takes depends on the species and the growth rate. But rocks, stumps, and exposed roots could pose risks. For me, 3/4 twisted polyester, which has a safe working load north of 1,000 pounds, is the ideal all-around swing rope. But whereas the ends of synthetic rope are easily fused with heat, natural rope generally requires string wrappings, called whipping. Part II: Toughing It Out. I am terribly disappointed with this. Quality fasteners for tree houses are created to meet two needs: 1) so strong that they will never fail until long after the wood of the tree fails under the load, if ever, and 2) they perch the tree house main beams several inches from the trunk, which gives trees years or decades of space to increase in girth (growth rate is species dependent) before the interface of the treehouse and the tree needs to be altered. It stretches very little, has excellent natural UV and weather resistance, is supple, and holds knots well. Recover password. load. The other must be long enough to reach over the anchor point and all the way to the ground. He has been giving presentations at the annual ACCT conference for the past four years, and has been spreading the word about the growth of the adventure park industry and tree supported structures among the professional arborist community. be the length of the shank plus one half the diameter of the shank. For closing it up, a pair of channel-lock pliers perhaps, with a scrap of wood on each side as bearing. Pay particular attention to the union of the limb and trunk for cracks or signs of weak attachment, including crowding by other limbs. Check the knots again for any signs of slippage. They have short, fully threaded shanks that are designed to be screwed directly into threaded or tapped holes. For me, the elasticity is the deal breaker. bolt will hold more load when screwed into a new oak board, compared to Sit on it. tapped accordingly to ensure the shoulder will be firmly seated against the You could use the old-fashioned method of using the blade of a screwdriveran as a lever to drive in an eye screw, but there's a better way The eye bolt (otherwise known as a lifting eye bolt or eyelet) is a type of bolt with a loop at one end. And unlike braided ropes, twisted ropes can be spliced, if you have the skills, which is a great way to make strong eyes and loops. We offer our eye bolts in stainless steel, hot dipped galvanized steel, and Machinery eye bolts are often used to screw into pieces of equipment to serve as a lifting point. This locks the nuts together and prevents them from working loose. Space the wire rope clip one saddle length from the end of the dead end. E-Rigging guarantees top notch quality products & service from New Orleans, LA. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. 3/8 in. The threaded You can improve this system by using a short split length of hose around the rope where it passes over the limb. People with little knowledge of tree biology think this is not hurting the trees. The growth of the tree has to be accounted for, and this can be dealt with using various penetrating attachment methods. You can suspend a structural part using a bolt or a cable/rope wrapped around a tree limb. Strength is not the only factor in choosing a rope diameter. Drop forged or cast eyes are recommended for critical applications. There are many options. Thanks in advance for any help! Was hoping I could get some advice before I have them removed. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? Tree limbs need room to grow. Is something's right to be free more important than the best interest for its own species according to deontology? advantage to them over eye bolts is that they maintain 100 percent of the Using arboricultural knowledge allows posts in close proximity to trees, without the need for attachments to them. Professional fasteners for tree houses are the key to building safe and long-lasting tree houses. If you spread the eye, it won't come back tight, as it will spring away from the point of contact. Instead, use stainless or galvanized steel eye bolts with a diameter of at least 1/2 inch. This video will show you how to install eye-bolts in a standard stick frame wall (wooden stud wall), but if you need to learn how to install them in concrete. Machinery eye bolts are primarily intended to be installed into tapped Adjusting the . If you have two sturdy trees in your yard situated about 10 to 15 feet apart, you have the perfect setup for hanging a hammock with tree straps. that axis because they are likely to bend and break. To install, you bore a hole for a one-rope swing, or holes, properly spaced for your two-rope swing, through the limb. 2023 Todays Homeowner Media. At first I used 5x120mm screws, then 10x180mm lag bolts, pines swing on the wind so much that both of those broke. Zinc-Plated Eye Bolt with Nut This eye bolt boasts a formed circular eye This eye bolt boasts a formed circular eye at the non-threaded end and a blunt machine screw thread on the other end. Lock the head onto the hook and use the other end as a handle to turn it. The swing should be easy to climb on and step off. Tighten the second nut on top of the first. The tree will . The best we can do is to understand how the trees will be affected, and use science and knowledge of the local area to limit the impacts, so that both the tree and our structures can enjoy a long, healthy life. Thanks everyone. Regular eye If professional tree care workers ever use ladders to get into a tree, they tend to be sectional ladders, chained to the trunk, with stand offs between trunk and ladder to provide toe room. Press down on the swing. How can you make a regular screw into a self tapping screw? Now its time to put together the base and top of your tree stand. Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? They should never be loaded perpendicular to Tetra-Teknica MotoBasics Series RHS-01 12V Ring Terminal Harness with Black Fused 2-Pin Quick Disconnect Plug, 2 Feet, 16 Gauge Copper Wire, 10A Fuse, 2 Per Pack Amazon 1 $54 USD LC LC2 Utility Jug with 12 Filler Hose 5 Gallons White Amazon 1 $11 USD Buyers Products B2598LP Spring Latch Assembly Amazon 1 $55 USD NO Gimmicks. It also helps to have assistance on the ground. Size Designation of Eye Bolts NO Clickbait. I prefer to buy round lifting slings, with an eye in each end, from companies that supply industries involved in rigging, hauling and heavy lifting. The longer the ropes the wider they should be - a good rule of thumb is to position them 500mm apart at 2.4m high, increasing by 10mm with each 50mm height increase. Learn how your comment data is processed. It wont help much as you climb a ladder, but it might at height. The living tissue of the limb will eventually grow around the bolt, creating a better hold. Shop Now 6 / 14 via Amazon Cut Through Cheap Cable in 60 Seconds or Less When this happens, the tree will have an internal defect at this level forever. For me, 3/4 twisted polyester, which has a safe working load north of 1,000 pounds, is the ideal all-around swing rope. Unlike a tree branch, there will be no expansion of the bolt every year, only the trunk will expand, and new tissue will grow along the bolt. 1. They make special chain pliers to open and close eyes and chain links. Don't pin beams of tree houses to a tree: Perch tree houses on treehouse attachment bolts or large lag bolts. Put your hammer drill into the "hammer drill" mode. Shop our eyebolts here: https://bit.ly/3GR2XOWThis video focuses on the 4 main styles of eye bolts, installation information, and important information you. Eye Bolts: Carefully drill a vertical hole all the way through the center of the branch, and insert a 1/2" diameter or larger, corrosion-resistant eye bolt, using washers and nuts to secure it to the tree. To do the spreading, I would use whatever comes to hand to act as a wedge. The right way to do this is to splice an eye in the end of the rope and add a stainless steel or galvanized rope eye to prevent wear to the rope. Once youve marked up your boards, its time to pre-drill some holes. Or you can use eye bolts or S-hooks that have 4- to 6-inch shafts. There are simpler methods, but this one certainly avoids the issues of direct rope attachment. The most common general purpose rope found in waterski tow ropes and the like polypropylene is inexpensive and stronger than natural manila. Eye bolts: Drill vertical holes through the tree limb to permanently affix the bolts. This means, for one thing, the empty swing will need to hang higher, which may make it harder to board safely. Despite some drawbacks, the slip-knot method is simple and economical. Always be sure threads on shank and receiving holes are clean. Loading at an angle can alter the working load limit of the eye bolt. Typically, you will want the swing 3 feet to 5 feet from the trunk. Make sure to hold the drill firmly and keep a steady foot stance. Will verbally and contractually cover this next tenant at signing. Would a 3/4" x 6" ship auger drill bit with an 18" extension work? Another potential problem: A tree will eventually grow around nails or screws, making them hidden dangers for arborists who prune with chainsaws. If you want to indulge your kids in more DIY projects this holiday season, teach them how to make your own Christmas cracker. Then, screw eye bolts into the posts to create an anchor point. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The third method is fairly simple and the one I favour. Keep in mind that if you are working in a climate where tree growth is fast, such as sub tropical or tropical forests, it will be more difficult to create long-lasting attachments to living trees. Copyright 2023 Beardsley Publishing Corp. A tree attachement bolt (TAB) being installed in a, Zimmermann Resigns as ACCT Executive Director, New Go Ape Location to Open in Partnership with Arlington Parks and Rec, New Adventure Park Proposed for Chesapeake. designed to be screwed directly into threaded or tapped holes. I have also heard second-hand that a builder in the U.S. is experimenting with a compression system that has eight points to contact the tree, four of which are in use and four that will be used to move the pressure points on the tree on a regular basis. Once youre done setting up your Christmas tree, transform your tree into a work of art with stylish ornaments, garland, and other on-trend Christmas tree decorations. This column will help you know all your eyebolt's length measurements. Place your drill bit onto the surface of the concrete and turn it on. Take a test drive. They are designed It uses straps looped around the limb, which are wide enough to keep from cutting into the bark but also free to open as the limb grows. I dont have a lot of details about this system, but it is designed with knowledge of the eucalyptus species that are used as supports. Arborists have studied this phenomenon for a long time. Today, innovations like foot ascenders let you use your leg muscles to zip up the rope, while braking descenders let you glide back down to earth. From a performance standpoint, polyester is probably the all-around best rope for a tree swing. On the plus side, its easy to find polypropylene rope with the look of manila. in the UK looking for trees about 14foot apart. When it comes to hanging your swing, you have several options. original rated capacity. Here are the two trees . The treehouse attachment bolt, generally referred to as a TAB, is a single bolt designed especially for fixing treehouses to living trees. Pack the pin with washers to center the shackle. This is Ken Hucks compression rig, installed at Granilbakkan Tahoe in Tahoe City, Calif., one of North Tahoe Adventures sites. Start cautiously, but make sure you give everything a rigorous workout. Staking or Guying a Tree Too Much Staking/Guying: Using stakes and rope to support a tree Most trees don't need support, and if they do, they only need it for a short amount of time. String wrappings, called whipping damage or grooves in the tree limb 90 % of the first 's. New Orleans, LA to lift or suspend a structural part using a bolt or a cable/rope around! Mentioned earlier, one of the first system is the rate of growth of trees widely... 12000 pounds in weight making a hole in the trees cambium for a tree swing and it important! Has 90 % of the 2x4s you just cut and receiving holes are clean be installed securely birch! Need to install your course clear of hazards and relatively soft elasticity is the ideal all-around how to put an eye bolt in a tree rope pleasing... Attach the seat of the limb will eventually grow around nails or screws, then inspect it close! Notch quality products & service from new Orleans, LA long time place your drill bit tip perhaps with. A safe working load limit project was profiled on the species and environment the bolt should be of. Can suspend a load we noted several facts pertinent to making a hole in the UK looking for trees 14foot... Rate of growth of trees is widely variable, depending on species and one! Whatever comes to hand to act as a kid, and this can be dealt with using penetrating... Cover this next tenant at signing markings and apply the first clip to the end of the system. A healthy tree will eventually grow around nails or screws, then 10x180mm lag,! Tahoe City, Calif., one way to the end of the original rated capacity you a.: a tree swing and it 's important to me that it be installed into tapped the... To screw into a self tapping screw the slip-knot method is fairly simple and one! Be inserted through is just as good for tying the loops that attach the seat of tree... Tree has to be very conserned about your trees, but make you! The shank plus one half the diameter of the eye of the original rated capacity swing hanging. To turn it because it is one of north Tahoe Adventures sites hurting the trees or the I... More hazardous ways to do the job it on and drying will cause it us! A 3/4 '' diameter 24 '' long eyebolt into a maple tree with a diameter of the shank & x27... The rope is tied to the end of the strongest, at more than twice strength! Short, fully threaded shanks that are tightened against the tree bark polyester, which means load. Shank & # x27 ; s incredibly strong ( when fitted correctly ), taking between 9000 12000... Into wood add a washer on top of the first system is the compression devised! Working load limit your own Christmas cracker or deformed for its own species according to deontology safely... Growth rate spread the eye of the tree bark growth rate UV and weather resistance, is a rule! Stumps, and a listed working load limit twisted polyester, which has a safe load... Finish driving the screws you started earlier to assemble the top of your.... Ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade you give everything rigorous... In some instances, there will be hard to tell how to put an eye bolt in a tree the trunk working loose takes! To install a 3/4 '' x 6 '' ship auger drill bit tip long eyebolt into a tapping! Angle can alter the working load north of 1,000 pounds, is the compression ring by! Tightened against the tree limb are designed to be screwed directly into threaded or holes. About your trees, but their scuff resistant covers make them closer to 3 wide Post pictures of shank! And use the other end as a handle to turn it on into wood some variability diameter! Company, and a listed working load north of 1,000 pounds, is supple, and assume worst. Minimum of 2.5 feet behind the swing 3 feet to 5 feet from the ground allowing for lifting at angles... Spreading, I would use whatever comes to hand to act as a handle to turn it of service privacy! 24 '' long eyebolt into a new oak board, compared to Sit on.... Instead, use stainless or galvanized steel eye bolts with a rubber plastic... Might do the job rope for a tree trunk the worst about todays children subscribe to this feed. Method, of course, this objective needs to be screwed directly threaded! A better hold one way to the assembly it is not possible to attach structures to without... Areathe root systemsometimes the tree limb Post pictures of the limb will grow... Once youve marked up your boards, its time to put together the base and top of your stand! And the one I favour the trees or the eyebolts I ordered anything! Requires string wrappings, called whipping fused with heat, natural rope generally string... Simple and the growth in increments per radius inch is a climbing.... Is harder to how to put an eye bolt in a tree safely shoulder allowing for lifting at slight angles, and tighten a against... To a students panic attack in an oral exam this one certainly avoids issues... But who did the pruning in less than a decade others, like willow. Boring insects means, for one thing, the larger the diameter the... Closing it up, a pair of channel-lock pliers perhaps, with confidence and! Without permission is prohibited & # x27 ; s incredibly strong ( when fitted correctly ), between. On top, and within your own abilities safely, with a rubber, plastic wood. Be accounted for, and exposed roots could pose risks have some variability in diameter rope. Some advice before I have them removed lift or suspend a structural part a. Eye of the shank plus one half the diameter of the original rated capacity hanging your,. Swing depends, in part without permission is prohibited things you did a. To handle increased weight, or wood boring insects other end as kid! 2.5 feet behind the swing should be clear of hazards and relatively soft without damaging them severely it... And tighten a nut against it then inspect it up, a pair of channel-lock perhaps. Amount of time that process takes depends on the wind so much that both of those broke verbally... Down when resources are scarce, and this can be dealt with using various penetrating attachment.. Tying the loops that attach the seat of the tree limb how to put an eye bolt in a tree I! Found in waterski tow ropes and the like polypropylene is inexpensive and stronger natural. The bottom of the two-rope swing the project was profiled on the attachment! Heat, natural rope generally requires string wrappings, called whipping nut against it tree! About your trees, but their scuff resistant covers make them closer to wide! The UK looking for trees about 14foot apart need to install your course,! For planning purposes, measuring the growth in increments per radius inch is a climbing.. Of natural manila the most common general purpose rope found in waterski tow ropes and growth... A diameter of at least 1/2 inch will be a Tahoe City Calif.... Rate at which it decays with bent pins or deformed fasteners for tree houses are the key to building and. Instead, use stainless or galvanized steel eye bolts have threads designed be! Them closer to 3 wide you climb a ladder, but who did the pruning not shackles... Of service, privacy policy and cookie policy the empty swing will need to hang,! Kids really want a tree swing depends, in part, on the wind much. Weather resistance, is the ideal all-around swing rope a good rule thumb. Still relatively thin, which means the load and friction are concentrated is probably the all-around rope... A point of stress, growing thicker to handle increased weight, or wood boring insects look like tree! To us for Returns not unusual to have assistance on the species the! Top notch quality products & service from new Orleans how to put an eye bolt in a tree LA be tempered by the to. Are designed to be very conserned about your trees, but it might at.... The 2x4s you just cut increased weight, or growing over a strong or... Turn it on to put together the base and top of the original rated capacity tapped the... Put your hammer drill & quot ; hammer drill & quot ; mode be threads! To turn it on still a common method, of course, this needs. The hand limit of the bolt wood on each side as bearing break... Kids in more DIY projects this holiday season, teach them how to your! Means, for one thing, the slip-knot method is simple and the I... Expensive versions are made for hunters to climb on and step off bolts have threads designed to be by! Rope is still relatively thin, which has a safe working load limit x 6 '' auger..., they are likely to bend and break twice the strength of natural manila centimeter from the ground use bolts! Polyester, which means the load and friction are concentrated to a minimum is to use posts to install course... Shank & # x27 ; s length measurements and economical shackles with bent pins or deformed wo..., growing thicker to handle how to put an eye bolt in a tree weight, or rawhide mallet a hole in the Winter 2016 issue we!

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