For almost 10 years, the EELV program had only one company capable of providing launches. Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Standard Interface Specification (SIS) Air Force Instruction 10-1202, Space Test Program Management Air Force Instruction 10-1202_AFSPCSUP, Space Test Program Management AFSPCI 13-1213, Launch Scheduling and Forecasting Procedures 1.5.2 Department of Defense Documents 2784 0 obj <>stream 0000051223 00000 n 0000001712 00000 n endobj endobj Abstract. The USAF and United States Space Force (USSF) plan to use the next generation NSSL launch vehicles until at least 2030.[31]. The EELV competition was expected to produce the next generation of launch vehicles to replace all medium to heavy launchers, Lockheed Martin's Atlas, Titan II and Titan IV series, and McDonnell Douglas's Delta series, with a single family of vehicles capable of launching medium and heavy payloads into orbit at a significantly lower cost. 7 0 obj G. E. Sanford 1 & J. S. Welsh 2 . The USAF began the EELV program in 1994, following many years of government-funded studies into improved systems and architecture. hb``g``f`f`. 13 0 obj 0000010608 00000 n endstream Opportunity which will utilize an Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) or ESPA Grande. ESPA is designed to quasi-static acceleration load factors that were derived from the EELV Standard Interface Specification Document (SIS). The interface includes mechanical, << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] [51], On 12 August 2019, at least three of the four companies submitted their final bids for the launch services competition. /TT4 11 0 R >> >> [14] The USAF moved 7 launches from Delta IV to Atlas V.[15] To end litigation and competition for a limited market, both companies agreed to form the United Launch Alliance (ULA) joint venture. "=pdsy8&$vHl"nt{ N kMw3ZN=z[aJ a-O z%Ay3CFKV'#3Y5QC(P7oG'Nc7z_`A&Bu0Y@#gn:y"f-Q M;]jDA\Iz$zY_af1 6 @R:#\DY%nsf^I! QUk{vv7m-C4W>!z~>X#Nz---1GjN. ESPA (Secondary Payload Adapter) on EELV (Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle) configurations a multiple launch system for small satellites used in the STP . A new EELV Acquisition Strategy was approved in November 2011 which recognizes only the Atlas V and Delta IV can currently provide reliable launch services to meet NSS requirements but also seeks to take advantage of the growing potential of additional commercial space launch providers. Up to five solid rocket boosters can be added to augment performance. [28], The USAF began the process of competitively selecting the next generation NSSL vehicles in 2018. Semantic Scholar's Logo. The Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) Secondary Payload Planner's Guide is published by the Space Test Program (STP) Office, Space and Missiles System Center, Kirtland . The Governments objectives were to develop Payload Category A, B, and C launch system prototypes, through shared investment with industry partners that will lead to EELV certified launch systems capable of providing launch services for all EELV-class National Security Space (NSS) missions. Blue Origin also filed a pre-award protest of the request for proposal arguing that the requirements were ambiguous. SpaceX bid the existing launch vehicles of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy, while Blue Origin was expected to bid New Glenn, ULA bid Vulcan Centaur, and NGIS's bid status was not reported. Reducing the cost of launches and ensuring national access to space were the two main goals of the USAF space launch/EELV program. endobj %%EOF If that was the case, then the Air Force will have developed a new family of launch vehicles that would be primarily used only for national security payloads, resulting in higher overhead costs to DoD, while missing an opportunity to maximize the competitive posture of US industry. endstream endobj startxref nG +D,@g%ZKh?RgO>52orjm*R2C}H6m5W0_/om>+pZ}. Under Solicitation Number FA8811-16-R-000X, released 14 March 2017, Air Force Space Command - Space and Missile Systems Center draft solicitation ws to implement the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) strategy to transition from the use of "non-allied" [aka Russian RD-180] engines and to implement affordable assured access to space via sustainable competition with commercial providers. Delta IV Medium flew with two or four SRBs on a single Common Booster Core. The ESPAStar platform leverages the available mass margin from any EELV launch to provide an affordable path to space for payloads. Program cost savings are achieved through operability improvements such as the use of common components and infrastructure, a standard payload interface, standardized launch pads and reduced on-pad processing; and acquisition improvements such as launch vehicle block buys. %PDF-1.6 % 0000001790 00000 n [5][6], The NSSL program launches the nation's most valuable military satellites; contracts to launch lower value payloads, such as those of the Space Test Program, are awarded using different methodologies.[7]. Northrop Grummans ESPAStar platform provides a modular, cost-effective and highly capable infrastructure resource for hosting technology development and operational payloads. The EELV program is in the portfolio of the Program Executive Officer (PEO) for Space at the Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC). The Atlas V family is capable of carrying payloads of 8,900 kg (19,620 lbs) to geosynchronous transfer orbit, and can lift 16,034 kg (35,343 lbs) to low-Earth orbit. These load factors, as shown in Table 1, represent a set of accelerations that 0000058694 00000 n 0000002426 00000 n FV>2 u/_$\BCv< 5]s.,4&yUx~xw-bEDCHGKwFGEGME{EEKX,YFZ ={$vrK Each of the bids included a variety of concepts. hbbd```b`` d#XD O*?f`gC/O+FFGGz)~wgbk?J9mdwi?cOO?w| x&mf The payload interface at each port has been standardized, allowing for hosted and separable payload inter-changeability, late payload integration, ' Zk! $l$T4QOt"y\b)AI&NI$R$)TIj"]&=&!:dGrY@^O$ _%?P(&OJEBN9J@y@yCR nXZOD}J}/G3k{%Ow_.'_!JQ@SVF=IEbbbb5Q%O@%!ByM:e0G7 e%e[(R0`3R46i^)*n*|"fLUomO0j&jajj.w_4zj=U45n4hZZZ^0Tf%9->=cXgN]. Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) standard interface specification, as well as Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. [48][47] Boeing received $1.38 billion, and Lockheed Martin received $650 million for the launches. EELV secondary payload adapter (ESPA) static qualification tests Download PDF. Expendable launch system program of the United States Space Force, List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (20102019) 2018, "Space Systems Command Celebrates First Anniversary as USSF Field Command", "JUST IN: National Reconnaissance Office Embracing Commercial Tech", "Defense Primer: National Security Space Launch", "EELV isn't what it used to be: Air Force changes launch program name", "Air Force establishes National Security Space Launch program", "National Security Presidential Directive 40: U.S. Space Transportation Policy", "Two Former Boeing Managers Charged in Plot to Steal Trade Secrets from Lockheed Martin", "Pentagon strips 7 launches from Boeing Delta 4 rocket", "Reusable Successor To EELV Moving Ahead", "Prototype Reusable Rocket Effort Felled by U.S. Budget Woes", "EELV Update: A Split Decision and a New Beginning", "SpaceX Awarded Two EELV-Class Missions from the United States Air Force", "After successful landing, SpaceX to sue Air Force to compete for launch contracts", "SpaceX wins intermediate victory over US in launch contract case", "SpaceX says rocket purchases violate Russian sanctions, gets injunction", "SpaceX elbows into Air Force launch program after dropping lawsuit", "SpaceX, Air Force Settle Lawsuit over ULA Blockbuy", "SpaceX Falcon 9 Certified for Military Launches", "SpaceX wins $82 million contract for 2018 Falcon 9 launch of GPS 3 satellite", Nine reference orbits & payloads for USDoD space missions, "DOD Releases Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Proposal", "ULA Delta IV launches the NROL-25 military satellite from VAFB", "United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches GPS III Satellite for U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center", "Delta IV Medium's well-earned retirement with GPS finale", "ULA stops selling its centerpiece Atlas V, setting path for the rocket's retirement", "ULA targeting September 26 for next Delta 4-Heavy launch attempt", "SpaceX flies historic 10th mission of a Falcon 9 as Starlink constellation expands", "Air Force requirements will keep SpaceX from landing Falcon 9 booster after GPS launch", "Air Force certified Falcon Heavy for national security launch, but more work needed to meet required orbits", "Air Force certified Falcon Heavy for national security launch but more work needed to meet required orbits", SpaceX wins $130 million military launch contract for Falcon Heavy, U.S. department of defense - Contracts for February 19, 2019, SMC Issues Final RFP For Five EELV Launches; SBIRS & 4 Classified Payloads, "Air Force Awards Launch Vehicle Development Contracts to Blue Origin Northrop Grummand ULA", "Pentagon picks SpaceX and ULA to remain its primary launch providers", "In a consequential decision, Air Force picks its rockets for mid-2020s launches", "Northrop Grumman to terminate OmegA rocket program", "Vulcan Centaur Rocket on Schedule for First Flight in 2021: ULA Submits Proposal for U.S. Air Force's Launch Services Competition", "Blue Origin files protest challenging 'flawed' Air Force strategy for choosing launches", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Space_Launch&oldid=1140354433, Space launch vehicles of the United States, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. place critical United States Government assets and capabilities into space; augment space-based capabilities in a timely manner in the event of increased operational needs or minimize disruptions due to on-orbit satellite failures, launch failures, or deliberate actions against U.S. space assets; support government and commercial human space flight. THE EVOLVED EXPENDABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (EELV) STANDARD INTERFACE SPECIFICATION FOR SPACE VEHICLE ACCOMMODATIONS Frank L. Knight. The US Space Force (USSF) plans 3034 launches during these five fiscal years. As of 2019, the first flight has been stated by NGIS to be expected in 2021. 0000005993 00000 n RFP F04701-97-R-0008 19 June 1998 ii . The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the EELV Standard Interface Specification (SIS) and its implications for spacecraft designers. Delta IV Payload Planners Guide - October 1999 Thats Defining Possible. EELV STANDARD INTERFACE SPECIFICATION VERSION 5.0. The ESPAStar platform's 6 payload ports are capable of accommodating combi-nations of hosted or separable (fly-away) payloads. To do so, ULA has had to maintain sufficient cost accounting systems within the company. trailer <<8D9465B782A042F99BA9A4986B1592D1>]/Prev 881083>> startxref 0 %%EOF 59 0 obj <>stream ' Zk! $l$T4QOt"y\b)AI&NI$R$)TIj"]&=&!:dGrY@^O$ _%?P(&OJEBN9J@y@yCR nXZOD}J}/G3k{%Ow_.'_!JQ@SVF=IEbbbb5Q%O@%!ByM:e0G7 e%e[(R0`3R46i^)*n*|"fLUomO0j&jajj.w_4zj=U45n4hZZZ^0Tf%9->=cXgN]. Category A payloads fit within a 4m diameter payload envelope, category B payloads fit within a 5m diameter payload envelope, and category C payloads require an extended 5m diameter envelope. . Attachment 6 Evaluation Criteria. 15 0 obj 2612 0000006880 00000 n endobj %PDF-1.5 % -2- }, Page last modified: National Security Space Launch ( NSSL) formerly Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) from 1994 to 2019 is a program of the United States Space Force (USSF) intended to assure access to space for United States Department of Defense and other United States government payloads. That strategy was designed to (1) . In addition to manufacturing the launch vehicles, ULA also maintains space launch complexes at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla, and Vandenberg SpaceForce Base, Calif. [39], GPS-IIIA USA-289 was the first NSSL-type B5 Falcon 9 launch. 5 0 obj 19 0 obj At the same time, another 14 boosters were to be procured competitively beginning in 2015, with the initial launches to be performed in 2017. DULLES, Va. Dec. 11, 2017-- Orbital ATK (NYSE: OA), a global leader in aerospace and defense technologies, today announced it has been awarded a contract from the U.S. Air Force Space and Missiles Center (AFSMC) to build LDPE, or the Long Duration Propulsive Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) space platform. 2023 Northrop Grumman. An Atlas V XYZ will have a 4.2-or-5.4-meter (14 or 18ft) diameter payload fairing, Y solid rocket boosters (0-5), and Z RL-10's on the Centaur upper stage (1-2). hb```,l? That includes five engines that ULA currently has in its possession, which are not limited by the sanctions, since they were fully paid for prior to the Russian invasion of Crimea. As of 2019, these launch vehicles were the primary methods for launching U.S. military satellites, along with the Falcon 9 developed by SpaceX. A Standard Payload Interface bus was also proposed as a way to save money and improve efficiency. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. endstream [47] Blue Origin is considered likely to continue building and testing New Glenn, in part since they were already privately funding development prior to the Air Force NSSL competition. E6S2)212 "l+&Y4P%\%g|eTI (L 0_&l2E 9r9h xgIbifSb1+MxL0oE%YmhYh~S=zU&AYl/ $ZU m@O l^'lsk.+7o9V;?#I3eEKDd9i,UQ h6'~khu_ }9PIo= C#$n?z}[1 The second stage (known as Centaur) is powered by the RL-10A engine. The Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) system is being developed by the United States Air Force (USAF) and its prime contractors to meet the nations need for expend-able launch vehicles through the . [35], A three-digit (XYZ) naming convention is used for the Atlas V configuration identification. [47][48], The contract type for the phase 2 contracts is new for US government launches as it will be a "firm-fixed-price, indefinite-delivery" type of launch contract. Northrop Grumman hardware and software enables multiple missions on single launch, Mission launched onboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket, Source: Space News. 31-03-2017 19:36:21 ZULU, Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Launch Service Agreements (LSA) Draft Request for Proposal (RFP). 3 August 2016. . 2762 0 obj <> endobj stream ULA stated it did not have any Atlas engines available to bid in order to submit a timely proposal. EELV STANDARD INTERFACE SPECIFICATION VERSION 5.0. This requirement has been satisfied by the Falcon Heavy test flight in February 2018, Arabsat-6A in April 2019, and the STP-2 launch in June 2019. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> CX' )3~~0Q I3W Compliance with Standard Interface Specification (SIS) - Defines the standard interface between the payload and the launch system. In 1998, when it appeared the growth in the commercial satellite industry would be able to sustain two providers of launch services, the Air Force decided to award contracts to both Boeing and Lockheed Martin for their respective launch capabilities. 0000003406 00000 n Since 2019 there are four vehicles certified by the Department of Defense to conduct NSSL launches: Atlas V, Delta IV Heavy, Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. 0 0000002177 00000 n [20], The USAF signed a contract at that time with SpaceX for two launches in 2014 and 2015 to serve as proving flights to support the certification process for the Falcon 9 v1.1 and Falcon Heavy. 4 0 obj %%EOF Launch Systems Enterprise Directorate (SMC/LE) 483 N. Aviation Blvd. >6?L`a,Epa_> [46] As of 2019, Blue Origin expected a first launch of New Glenn in 2021. EELV was important not only to reducing the launch costs of the Department of Defense, but also to the continued world-wide competitiveness of the US commercial launch industry. endstream 0000001699 00000 n stream 0000000016 00000 n On September 29, 2015, the Air Force awarded an EELV Launch Capability (ELC) contract to ULA valued at $882 millionthe latest such contract the Air Force has awarded to ULA since ULA became the only source for launches under the EELV program. The Delta IV family is capable of carrying 10,818 kg (23,851 lbs) to geosynchronous transfer orbit, and can lift 21,772 kg (48,000 lbs) to low-Earth orbit. The approach continues procurement of launch services and launch capability from ULA for the next several years but provides for a full and open competitive environment for any alternative sources as soon as they are certified. The approach taken in the development of. In working to introduce competition into launch contracts, the Air Force is changing its acquisition approach for launch services, including the amount of cost and performance data that it planned to obtain under future launch contracts. 0000027829 00000 n trailer 0000004305 00000 n 0000461158 00000 n The payload interface at each port has been standardized, allowing for hosted and separable payload inter-changeability, late payload integration, hWn8>(o@N@-l5:l;C8y!e -TPAqPi"`[#=yb#\d8B${t)"1`c]+e2a^H5U`j"q!DqttMo"!e]N>f1/ktOD3G=M/&n y6[)*zN In 2018, a competitive contract award to launch national security spacecraft was conducted between United Launch Alliance (ULA), Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (NGIS), Blue Origin, and SpaceX. APL requirements are not addressed in the SIS but their hs2z\nLA"Sdr%,lt c0|_}`pz0 cc4D 7\HCj(I?uf eX_0NcRu1wQ9 T'|>H%Z%*.yXSGc 4_GR+[5> (4'XgVZtL aq[aP/}ARI@PAwO8s .i,@Yf6akrCns!Uu* 4?,20-FKDgLuAp4j$hz~ << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> xwTS7" %z ;HQIP&vDF)VdTG"cEb PQDEk 5Yg} PtX4X\XffGD=H.d,P&s"7C$ An official website of the United States government, The Atlas V's inaugural flight was marked by the successful launch of a Hotbird-6 commercial satellite, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. - A final check of specifications will be conducted prior to launch. 0000017011 00000 n The payload interface at each port has been standardized, allowing for hosted and separable payload interchangeability, late payload integration and manifest changes. F# q1- -7"j`Rg1)ciyN\N0]/>CaWLqU,jEh3%2 W48u$0DxzI iz55XJ#p9$"G8)nc5-}(a.6j]?eD.8 6~5Y|fro xA7AmGxnqt_,MmOw0Uvdj t!:$`v0m5c ]$p_>Ox1s?Vm,po%\Y&7r0& Sa`c6yh 2(~Xb)e# La?y`/sY< -RV\]{wTKc}6saI]Y >:GP!~3kT In paying ULA for such fixed launch costs and executing the EELV program under a cost-plus contract, the DoD has reimbursed ULA for allowable, reasonable, and allocable costs for its launches, while requiring ULA to reimburse it on a per-launch basis for launches that ULA sells to its non-DoD customers. This document was produced and is maintained by the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle The Falcon Heavy is a heavy-lift rocket developed and produced by SpaceX. EELVs were to reduce costs by being based on standardized fairings, liquid core vehicles, upper stages, and solid rocket boosters. hs2z\nLA"Sdr%,lt ]p2c*lR-fHqmh"? WQ(_l+OKP($p Aa-7!@2y #%)#(F'00B[;y7/0F"4N( $&`,8aK/>z0?{3 May 2016 : Space and Missile Systems Center . As of that time, Vulcan Centaur was on track for a 2021 launch. [ /ICCBased 12 0 R ] endobj 0000000016 00000 n [8] Some of the reasons why assured access to space is a priority for the United States are stated in National Presidential Directive Number 40, which reads: Access to space through U.S. space transportation capabilities is essential to: The United States, therefore, must maintain robust, responsive, and resilient U.S. space transportation capabilities to assure access to space. [12] Boeing was awarded a contract for 19 out of the 28 launches; Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract for the other 9. The RSS is offered only onEvolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) LVs certified to launch National Security Space missions; hence, APLs must not violate EELV requirements documented in the EELV Standard Interface Specification (SIS) and/or System Performance Requirement Document (SPRD). [7A\SwBOK/X/_Q>QG[ `Aaac#*Z;8cq>[&IIMST`kh&45YYF9=X_,,S-,Y)YXmk]c}jc-v};]N"&1=xtv(}'{'IY) -rqr.d._xpUZMvm=+KG^WWbj>:>>>v}/avO8 R'O* u/7svAZ6r4[ZDX$22L)966@D1{2?=ben6hy. endstream endobj startxref 0000003519 00000 n endobj [2], Started in 1994 as the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle launch system program, the initial program goal was to make government space launches more affordable and reliable, leading to the development of the Boeing Delta IV and Lockheed Martin Atlas V EELV families. 0000101481 00000 n As of 2017, SpaceX is completing this certification process with its Falcon 9 vehicle to also begin providing launch services for NSS missions. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /TT8 15 0 R Blue Origin was awarded $500 million of phase 1 funding for further development of New Glenn as a potential competitor in future contracts. 1401 endobj DOD's Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program is the primary provider of launch vehicles for U.S. military and intelligence satellites. One of the Air Forces long-term goals for the EELV program is to have at least two certified launch providers able to compete for the full range of national security launches. The strategy invests in new and/or upgraded commercial launch solutions that also meet National Security Space (NSS) requirements. Steady production rates, long-term commitments and opportunities for competition are among the means to achieve this goal. The EELV was expected handle the bulk of the U.S. government's launch requirements after the year 2000 and was also expected to be used for commercial applications. % stream The EELV program would maintain current mass-to-orbit capability while increasing launch rate and decreasing costs. 0000017080 00000 n %PDF-1.7 % Shelby was a loyal supporter of ULA, and attempted to shoehorn in money to buy the RD-180 engines from Russia, against the wishes of Senator McCain and the rest of the Armed Services Committee. %PDF-1.3 @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { 4.0,` 3p H.Hi@A> FV>2 u/_$\BCv< 5]s.,4&yUx~xw-bEDCHGKwFGEGME{EEKX,YFZ ={$vrK We encourage you to use one of these browsers for the best experience. 4 The NSSL system includes launch vehicles, launch capability, a standard payload interface, support systems, mission integration (includes mission unique requirements), flight instrumentation and range interfaces . ULA also asserted that the Phase 1A launch is basically a lowest price, technically acceptable competition, unsuitable for launch contracts" EELV SIS Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle Standard Interface Specification, 2011 (not cleared for public circulation) LSP-REQ-317.01B Launch Services Program (LSP) Program Level Dispenser and . 0000001182 00000 n Two providers were to be selected to launch spacecraft to a number of reference orbits. ?fA(4 F 1@DCPog|yReAZirIrj{*0X}0b{37Vl [mvK7!,ubg-Yj0S(.rIW~,vMJro 8>-\8~-Yw0z UP2^PoDAzuEu;*YRs.KA=^>l=bLe*qV&y.vt%?k7MI(x8 zluC m^"4~b7 xBHNxZ9RRJhkL1hV0 LHJ9KDv"iE^p!+X$(/MDP_dP =|>hPHICt4B@n#,sqBGFY!u&i-dTr2e$'bWv7BiT|nT^F)U9K,rN0bi\2tR0,; Yz{:|*sO=c>z+Mf2BB.4Y!KRcW {!Kd#5:#[T$FhTs;*(Ai((4N|radRbt!BHx2eq(*xiTxa$m|+Id99uLA@(C!#Oro;{N4"#. Launch performance can be augmented by adding either two or four solid rocket motors. A1vjp zN6p\W pG@ [42] The USAF is working with SpaceX to mature their Falcon Heavy's design. The intent was to replace legacy vehicles, including Delta II, Atlas II, and Titan IV. 2 0 obj xXn8+84 3m s?0d)!#fDQb-U!~$?ORR /p_)'a}^vh#|Z8+j-v$2c{\u>y-_{ZVV%mr|u|~/a& d0S&/SJig=0QtN&?iHpzje1$Zu>)4{^D)%g/(M%@%@^t`gGe6>a409$"e FA/|W z>q5.~iQXwID:!c stream The primary goal remains 100% mission success while incentivizing cost reductions. And Missile systems Center across from the article title an affordable path to space payloads! ) AI & NI $ R $ ) TIj '' ] & = & standardized fairings, Core. Ussf ) plans 3034 launches during these five fiscal years way to save money and efficiency. Tij '' ] & = & > 52orjm * R2C } H6m5W0_/om > +pZ } 1994, many... Dgry @ ^O $ _ %? P ( & OJEBN9J @ y @ nXZOD. Links are at the top of the USAF began the process of competitively selecting the generation... @ yCR nXZOD } J } /G3k { % Ow_ capability while increasing launch rate decreasing... [ 28 ], the first flight has been stated by NGIS be... 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