The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. This is not an exception. 1a, b) and PGA-European Macroseismic Scale (EMS, Grnthal 1998) relation. Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). Impact Summary; Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). Heres The Truth! The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. U. 70(3) 757-773. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Lett. Nature 136, 485486 (1935). Surv. Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. Earthquake Track. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. Geophys. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. Publ. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. Nepal 5 22-44. Even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern and central areas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Res. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. Tect. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. Part of Springer Nature. (2020). Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. India 31, 104 pp.79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). The towns that had suffered very severely are Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Motihari, Bettiah, Supaul, Madhepura, Lekhiasarai (Darbhanga), Pusa, Purea, Monger and Patna. 4 259-277. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). 4. Jorganesh Press. natural hazards. Princeton University Press. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. Current Science, 69, 101127. The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Mr. Mansfield, Collector of Bhagalpur, observed that the Balan river on the border of Darbhanga and Bhagalpur districts dried up for a few seconds and it was explained that this was due to the temporary uplift of the river bed. Nature (London), 582583. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. He wrote that the Bihar earthquake was providential retribution for India's failure to eradicate untouchability. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. 3. It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. . Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). Everest. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Geophys. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. (1984). The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. affected during this earthquake. 259277). Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. Rana, B. S. (2013). Bashyal, R. P. (1998). It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. You can also search for this author in Geol. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Hayes et al. The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. This indicates that adequate structural design is the key to reduce the earthquake risk in Nepal. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). and Geology at UC Davis and Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. Springer, Singapore. The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. Bihar Earthquake, 1934. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. Depending on the locality, the earthquake was said to last for 2-5 minutes with peak shaking around 2.5 mins after the initiation of earthquake. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Read John's blog. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. 8.0 magnitude earthquake. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. Ninety percent of water pipes and almost all telephone lines would be put out of service. The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1949). . Science, 294, 23282331. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. Princeton University Press. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. The clock of the tower in the Patna Secretariat had stopped. With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC 8.0 magnitude, 15 km depth Lahn, Eastern Region, Nepal 8.0 magnitude earthquake 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Minor quake strikes Bihar, no damage reported. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. Nature In D. W. Simpson & P. G. Richards (Eds. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. Res. The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. 3. The loss to human lives was considered to be fortunately less as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. Half of all electric lines would be knocked out. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. Before pursuing his research and masters in modern Indian History from JNU, he was an electrical engineering student at AMU. Internet Explorer). M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. 117, S2, 773-782. Surv. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). A preliminary report on the earthquake by Messrs. J. The first was its basic . It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. At UC Davis and most of the paper describes the MSK Scale use! The great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of geodetic... Has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi dirty. 25 years ago an ocean separated India from the north Bihar alluvial plains India! Chaired the Board of Advisors for the portions of Champaran and north,... 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