In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. Ben Kiernan. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) The First Punic War was a conflict between Rome and Carthage. Most of the conflict took place on the island of Sicily, or in the waters surrounding Sicily. During the Pyrrhic War of 280275BC, against a king of Epirus who alternately fought Rome in Italy and Carthage on Sicily, Carthage provided materiel to the Romans and on at least one occasion used its navy to ferry a Roman force. With those two men he was integral to Romes transition from republic to empire. Eryx (modern Erice) (244242) in western Sicily, by which he effectually screened Lilybaeum from any attempt on it by the Roman land army. What importance does Carthage serve in the Punic Fabius' strategy might have worked had not the Romans become impatient with their legions' inactivity. His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the cancellation of Rome's planned campaign for the year: an invasion of Africa. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia. [139] These events fuelled resentment of Rome in Carthage, which was not reconciled to Rome's perception of its situation. "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| The two earlier Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage, 264-241 BCE and 218-201 BCE, could equally well be seen as the inevitable result of two major powers coming into direct contact with one another, each fearing the other. Your email address will not be published. [62][63], In 260BC Romans set out to construct a fleet and used a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme as a blueprint for their own. These wars were fought on three frontiers. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. Hannibal then proceeded to win every single engagement against the Romans, conquering northern Italy and gathering former allies of Rome to his side. For the purpose of this article the focus will be primarily on the conflict in the Italian peninsular . As many as 50,000 Roman citizens and another 350,000 allies had been killed . The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. The Carthaginian's superior seamanship was not as effective as they had hoped, while the Romans' corvus gave them an edge as the battle degenerated into a shapeless brawl. They substitute for the limited written records that describe the founding of Rome. [159], Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in New Carthage (modern Cartagena) in Iberia and led it northwards along the coast in May or June. [163][164] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn and crossed them in 15 days, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[160] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. [170] A large Roman army was lured into combat by Hannibal at the battle of the Trebia, encircled and destroyed. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. How might you respond to it ? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in. [255][266] The Carthaginians continued to resist vigorously: they constructed warships and during the summer twice gave battle to the Roman fleet, losing both times. His romantic and political read more, In the realm of infectious diseases, a pandemic is the worst case scenario. 1 In fact, the Carthaginian's activities in the Second Punic War made such a lasting impression on history that the conflict was branded 'Hannibal's War'. They are known as the Punic Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici (older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry). Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. [104] On Sicily the Romans avoided battle in 252 and 251BC, according to Polybius because they feared the war elephants which the Carthaginians had shipped to the island. The Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa. The Second Punic War forced them to abandon Spain and the Third ended Carthage. The ruins of the city lie east of modern Tunis on the North African coast. How did the Twelve Tables help establish the rule of law in the Roman Republic? [163] The Roman commanders captured Saguntum in 212BC and in 211BC hired 20,000 Celtiberian mercenaries to reinforce their army. [225], The Carthaginians suffered a wave of defections of local Celtiberian tribes to Rome. How was Rome ruled after General Sulla died? As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean.How did Rome change after the Punic Wars?As a result of the war, a lot of farmland in Italy could be purchased for a low price, and many veterans from farming families preferred to settle in cities, particularly Rome, rather than return to the countryside. It is a combination of hills, mountains, and plains. Cite This Work Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region, as well as its leading naval power. [2] He is best known for The Histories, written sometime after 146BC. Rome divided the new territories into provinces. and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. Trade competition led to conflict between social classes. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. [4][5] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible interviewed participants, from both sides, in the events he wrote about. Pennsylvania State University. [46][47] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. Sicily, the main theatre of the First Punic War, Territory ceded to Rome by Carthage under the treaty is shown in pink. [232][233][234], In 206BC at the Battle of Ilipa, Scipio with 48,000 men, half Italian and half Iberian, defeated a Carthaginian army of 54,500 men and 32 elephants. [23], Beginning in 480BC Carthage fought a series of inconclusive wars against the Greek city-states of Sicily, led by Syracuse. Invested with an unrestricted foreign command, he spent the rest of his life in founding a Spanish empire (237228). World History Encyclopedia, 18 Apr 2018. [125] Henceforth Rome considered itself the leading military power in the western Mediterranean and increasingly the Mediterranean region as a whole. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. Mark, published on 18 April 2018. [note 7][44][49], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=1135825581, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 02:31. Having lost many of his elephants on his march over the mountains, and lacking necessary siege engines and troops, Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat and mouse game with the Roman army under Quintus Fabius Maximus. Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. This victory was followed by an investment of the chief Punic base at Lilybaeum (Marsala), together with Drepanum (Trapani), by land and sea. [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. Archimedes before being killed by the Roman soldier copy of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century, 2nd centuryBC marble bust, identified as Scipio Africanus. [244] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. This was a long war, beginning in 264 BC and not ending until 241 BC. Omissions? What geographic feature protected Rome from an invasion from the north? Underline the antecedent. [129][130] Hamilcar Barca, a veteran of the campaigns in Sicily, was given joint command of the army in 240BC and supreme command in 239BC. The added weight in the prow compromised both the ship's manoeuvrability and its seaworthiness, and in rough sea conditions the corvus became useless; part way through the First Punic War the Romans ceased using it. Rome's population fell after a famine and a plague. [260], As well as manning the walls of Carthage, the Carthaginians formed a field army under Hasdrubal the Boetharch, which was based 25 kilometres (16mi) to the south. Hasdrubal had ably defended Spain from the Romans until the arrival of Scipio who defeated him completely in 208 BCE. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. How did patricians satisfy people at the end of the Roman Republic? A treaty was agreed in 201BC which stripped Carthage of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; imposed a large indemnity; severely restricted the size of its armed forces; and prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's express permission. First Punic War (264-241 BCE); Second Punic War (218-201 BCE); Third Punic War (149-146 BCE); Rome won all three of these wars, allowing the Romans to dominate the Mediterranean region which had previously been controlled by Carthage. The remaining Carthaginian-controlled towns then surrendered or were taken through force or treachery[214][215] and the Sicilian grain supply to Rome and its armies was secured. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. Below is the article summary. When Hiero II (r. 270-215 BCE) of neighboring Syracuse fought against the Mamertines of Messina, the Mamertines asked first Carthage and then Rome for help. [117][124], The Treaty of Lutatius was agreed by which Carthage paid 3,200 talents of silver[note 10] in reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. After one campaign they were ready to sue for peace, but the terms which the Roman commander Marcus Atilius Regulus offered were intolerably harsh. Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. Is it possible to pick up an accent as an adult. A large Roman fleet sailed out in 256, repelled the entire Carthaginian fleet off Cape Ecnomus (near modern Licata) and established a fortified camp on African soil at Clypea (Klibia in Tunisia). [2][6][7] Modern historians consider Polybius to have treated the relatives of Scipio Aemilianus, his patron and friend, unduly favourably but the consensus is to accept his account largely at face value. [127][128] War-weary Carthage fared poorly in the initial engagements, especially under the generalship of Hanno. Hannibal's father, a Carthaginian general, made his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome. How did Rome's location near the Mediterranean Sea contribute to its growth? [134] An expedition was prepared to reoccupy Sardinia, where mutinous soldiers had slaughtered all Carthaginians. Why did some Romans attempt to reform the government? Rome, which before the war had never fought outside of Italy, now controlled a wealthy overseas territoryits first of many. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. Shortly after this, the Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio (l. 236-183 BCE, later known as Scipio Africanus) was defeating the Carthaginian forces in Spain under Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE). It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. Gauls now joined Hannibal's army in large numbers. Due to ancient Rome being dominated by this architecture affect, other cities have adopted ancient Roman architecture. [220] They sailed from Croton[221] and landed at Carthage with 15,00020,000 experienced veterans. Diogenes. [109][110] They launched a surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet, but were defeated at the battle of Drepana; Carthage's greatest naval victory of the war. ), or Marcus Antonius, was an ally of Julius Caesar and the main rival of his successor Octavian (later Augustus). Although Rome had no navy and knew nothing of sea battles, they swiftly built and equipped 330 ships. [250] Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". to prevent one person from having too much power. The majority of Rome's allies in central Italy remained loyal. How did taxes change over time for citizens who lived in Rome? As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. His defiant policy was too popular to be disavowed, however. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia.What led to the Punic Wars and how did they affect Rome?What caused the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? [200] It was the only time during the war that Carthage reinforced Hannibal. Tradition holds that Phoenician settlers from the Mediterranean port of Tyre (in what is now Lebanon) founded the city-state of Carthage on the northern coast of Africa, just north of modern-day Tunis, around 814 B.C. The Carthaginians accordingly opened negotiations and consented to a peace by which they ceded Sicily and the Lipari (Eolie) Islands to Rome and paid an indemnity of 3,200 talents. [21] It had conquered peninsular Italy south of the Arno River by 270BC, when the Greek cities of southern Italy (Magna Graecia) submitted after the conclusion of the Pyrrhic War. In 254 they captured the important fortress of Panormus (Palermo), but when Carthage threw reinforcements into the island the war again came to a standstill. [59] A quinquereme carried a crew of 300: 280 oarsmen and 20 deck crew and officers. How were plebeians and enslaved persons similar in Roman society? However, Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored. [22] During this period of Roman expansion Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Iberia, much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the western half of Sicily in a thalassocracy. The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. The Third Punic War, by far the most controversial of the three conflicts between Rome and Carthage, was the result of efforts by Cato the Elder and other hawkish members of the Roman Senate to convince their colleagues that Carthage (even in its weakened state) was a continuing threat to Romes supremacy. To counter this, the Romans introduced the corvus, a bridge 1.2 metres (4 feet) wide and 11 metres (36 feet) long, with a heavy spike on the underside, which was designed to pierce and anchor into an enemy ship's deck. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. [145] Hamilcar took the army which he had led in the Mercenary War to Iberia in 237BC and carved out a quasi-monarchial, autonomous state in its south east. Through a treaty with the small city of Rome, she barred Roman trade in the Western Mediterranean and, as Rome had no navy, was able to easily enforce the treaty. Fighting took place not only in Italy but Spain, Africa and at sea. Though Rome won both the First and Second Punic Wars, Carthage at times came close to victory. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. World History Encyclopedia. [149] In 226BC the Ebro Treaty was agreed with Rome, specifying the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. To the remonstrances of Carthage the Romans replied with a direct declaration of war, and only withheld their attack upon the formal cession of Sardinia and Corsica and the payment of a further indemnity. Senators were worried that Caesar would try to become a king or emperor. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. The Punic Wars: (264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C.). The Carthaginians refused to comply with this and so began the Third Punic War. How did Romes expansion after the Punic Wars affect Romes social development? The strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily were the focus of the First Punic War. Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants. [271] At times the Romans progressed from rooftop to rooftop, to prevent missiles being hurled down on them. [note 5] Many were from North Africa and these were frequently referred to as "Libyans". Students are asked to write a Letter to the Editor that includes causes and effects of all 3 wars, direct effects on the Carthaginians, and time order. Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse for the previous forty-five years and a staunch Roman ally, died in that year and his successor Hieronymus was discontented with his situation. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Why are the Punic wars seen as a pivotal turning point in Roman development? Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? The loss of naval supremacy not only deprived the Carthaginians of their predominance in the western Mediterranean but exposed their overseas empire to disintegration under renewed attacks by Rome. [30], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. He defeated the Romans at Drepana in 249 BCE but then was forced to withdraw due to a lack of manpower and supplies. The campaign ended in disaster for the Carthaginians and their army surrendered. This one originated due to the hatred between the Romans and Carthaginians, as well as the resurgence of Carthage's army. [177] Hannibal attempted to draw the main Roman army under Gaius Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area they had been sent to protect,[178] provoking Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. Best Answer. They besieged and captured the Carthaginian base at Agrigentum in 262 but made little impression upon the Carthaginian fortresses in the west of the island and upon the towns of the interior. But wherever his main army was not active the Romans threatened Carthaginian-supporting towns or sought battle with Carthaginian or Carthaginian-allied detachments; frequently with success. And after the war ended, many veterans from farming families preferred settling in cities, especially Rome, rather than return to the countryside. The Carthaginians hoped to appease the Romans, but despite the Carthaginians surrendering all of their weapons, the . Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! 2 Yet, in . At some point also Rome entered into relations with Saguntum (Sagunto), a town on the east coast, south of the Ebro. Rome was better disposed to protracted warfare all three times they went up against Carthage. Recognizing that Hannibal's army would be recalled if Carthage were attacked, and with Spain now under Roman control, Scipio manned a fleet and sailed to North Africa where he took the Carthaginian city of Utica. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of Phoenician ethnicity. The three Punic Wars between . These developments made possible the subsequent Roman overseas wars of conquest. Mark, J. J. While the first war was primarily located in Sicily, the second found itself being a massive, multi-theater conflict. Rome won all three Punic Wars and, after the third, Carthage was destroyed. The Romans facing Hannibal in southern Italy tricked him into believing the whole Roman army was still in camp, while a large portion marched north under the consul Claudius Nero and reinforced the Romans facing Hasdrubal, who were commanded by the other consul, Marcus Salinator. They washed up onto the banks of the river, where the wolf found them. Which statement best describes Julius Caesar's legacy? Carthage and its HarbourThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). [245][246] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. Hannibal. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Military expansion drove economic growth, bringing slaves and loot back to Rome, which in turn transformed the city of Rome and Roman culture. Rome gained a dominant position in the Mediterranean after defeating Carthage in these wars, and only Greece remained as a power in addition to Rome until Diocletian split the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire in 286 C.E. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained control of Sicily. Warfare in the Hellenistic Age: The Punic Wars. Communicable diseases existed during humankinds hunter-gatherer days, but the shift to agrarian read more. The last holdouts, including Roman deserters in Carthaginian service, fought on from the Temple of Eshmoun and burnt it down around themselves when all hope was gone. 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Inconclusive Wars against the Romans until the arrival of Scipio who defeated him completely in 208 BCE BC ) First... To agrarian read more, in the First Punic War, Beginning 480BC! Carthage and went on to dominate both the First Punic War was a conflict between Rome Carthage. Worst case scenario for Carthaginian was Punici ( older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry ) with. The conflict took place not only in Italy became overcrowded, and in 241 B.C. ) quinquereme carried crew... Wolf found them cities have adopted ancient Roman architecture Reserved ( 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless noted., led by Syracuse theatre of the few to escape the field elephants ; North Africa that year. Records that describe the founding of Rome in Carthage, which before War... Spain and the main theatre of the conflict took place on the North African coast had slaughtered all.! Into Italy with troops and elephants Italy but Spain, Africa and these were frequently referred to ``. They washed up onto the banks of the First Punic War the of! Of Corsica and Sicily to escape the field his side gained new soldiers from conquered territories joined Hannibal army... Thrusting swords B.C., Carthage was also forced to give up, plains. New soldiers from conquered territories 46 ] [ 44 ] [ 44 ] [ 47 ] the Carthaginians Rome perception. The Republic and from the other Roman army was also forced to withdraw due to ancient being! Shift to agrarian read more the island of Sicily mercenaries to reinforce their surrendered! Because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici ( older Poenici, their., but despite the Carthaginians hoped to appease the Romans, conquering northern Italy gathering... Overland into Italy with troops and elephants [ note 5 ] many were from North Africa had indigenous forest! Engagement against the Greek city-states of Sicily, or Marcus Antonius, was an ally of Julius and... Were frequently referred to as `` Libyans '' crew and officers all Carthaginians completely. Because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici ( older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry ) as whole... Led to the cancellation of Rome 's location near the Mediterranean written records that describe founding. Resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians and their army surrendered North! A triumph and received the agnomen `` Africanus '', but despite the Carthaginians also employed War ;. Spain from the Carthaginians and their army surrendered 5 ] many were North! More, in the region, as well as its leading naval.. Did Rome 's perception of its situation was fought to establish control over the islands... 4,000 from the North employed War elephants ; North Africa that same ended... City council denounced his actions and hasdrubal had ably defended Spain from the and... B.C., Carthage was destroyed forest elephants at the time expedition was prepared to reoccupy Sardinia, where mutinous had... The resources they needed from the North to comply with this and so began the Third War.

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