Wondering about some of the major deities of the ancient Celtic world? Im using this to draw something for my little brother since he loves vikings. Many books and other resources are available for deeper inquiry, but there is much about runes that is not known. Adaptations of existing alphabets | (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), Information about Finnish | When you translate a text you will see that the English text is also modified somewhat. create a writing system for Finnish that reflects the language's Later great number of middle earth languages were written using the tengwar, including Sindarin. The Younger Futhark: An Instructive Guide. However, it is not known to be extant in any of the known writings attributed to D'Abano (1250-1316). Each corresponds to a letter or sound, as well as a tree or wood. Allir menn eru bornir frjlsir ok jafnir at viringu ok rttum. Other natural languages | There are actually more futharks in the world with one of the oldest being a Portugese one, if you're interested in that look up on youtube Arith Hrger as he has done an amazing job exploring that. To verify the answer click on the 'Reset text' button. Resources for Celtic Pagans. In general, although this alphabet is popular among Wiccan and NeoWiccan paths, it's not typically used by non-Wiccan Pagans. A-Z index | Within a word the letters are placed directly adjacent to and connecting to each other, continuing lines should ideally be written with a single stroke (e.g. C, q, w and z were used only in loanwords and foreign names. Our Theban translation team has many experienced document translators who specialize in translating many different types of documents including birth and death certificates, marriage certificates and divorce decrees, diplomas and transcripts, and any other Theban document you may need translated. Our Nose translator quickly translates into Norse language and lets you copy and download the translated text for future use. or (:) in a series of runes? https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXCxNFxw6iq-Mh4uIjYvufg/videos, Online Old Norse texts and manuscripts Now unless the person was having a seizure while writing these things it's pretty clear they are some kind of chants. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',147,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); Faer uor som ast i himlm, halga ware it nama. For more creative solutions and complex phrases one may find helpful to read about the magic runes or runic love quotes. Sounds great Sue. Chinese languages | "Resources for Celtic Pagans." http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/~jmag0042/alphabet.html, Afrikaans, Frisian (East), Arabic | What do we mean when we use the term "Celtic"?. And in Denmark as early as the eighth and ninth century. Our current collection of letters is called an alphabet because alpha-beta are the two first letters. Gronings, We looked into runes and found out that the straight nature of the characters came from a need to have letters which were easier to carve often in wood. Wonderful and thank you. Similar differences occur even nowadays between different languages, for example the English letter A and Estonian letter A - even though they are written the same way they express a different sound. Old Norse text provided by a Magistri Old Norse Tutor. Tagalog | Roughly 50 runestones have been found from the early Migration Era, before the Vikings. "Magical Alphabets." The following tool will convert your text into graphics using theban font. Then check out the rune translator! They do look beautiful though, some examples are: The Kragehul spearshaft ( written as one rune), Kylver runestone (Stacked tiwaz runes, these could actually indicate to the 3 aetts), The rk runestone( written as one) and so on. Our word alphabet comes from the Greek letters, alpha and beta. There is a one-to-one correspondence between its letters and the Latin letters of the Finnish alphabet currently in use. One should choose between one of the Younger Futhark options instead. During the Viking Age (circa 793-1066), runestones proliferated and included large, heavy monuments carved by specialists. Korean | Zeelandic, Languages written with the Latin alphabet. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. specifically designed for ancient scripts, including classical Numbers | Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/guide-to-magical-alphabets-2561701. , , Translation and transliterations provided by Corey Murray, All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Wigington, Patti. Icelandic, To start the old Norse translation process, you can either type or paste your simple English directly into the required input field. The Finnish script was invented by Sascha Mcke in an effort to Wigington, Patti. Simply enter your text, select a color and text effect, and hit GENERATE button. Sign up to get the latest news on discounts, freebies, articles and releases! if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'omniglot_com-box-4','ezslot_2',122,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-box-4-0'); Alli mnn eu borni frlsi ok iafni at viringu ok rettum. I work for an online teaching platform and I get paid for each student that attends my class. The origin of the Theban alphabet is lost in the mists of time. I am responsible for creating my own curriculum and need to obtain permission for any source I use that is not in the public domain. Xander, (2016). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse @E_FLEISCHMAN" Mcheno, You can use the 'Clear text' button to erase the English text, and the 'Reset text' button to restore the last translated text. It's the same for runes, the first six letters are F U Th A R K. There is no agreed reason or evidence why it's so different from all the other writing systems where always an alphabet is used. Frisian (West), Tower of Babel | Many people like the idea of using a magical alphabet because its something that will keep information secret. Ogham staves are a popular method of divination among Pagans who follow a Celtic-focused path. You can use this feature of our Norse translator to save the result text for future use. German occultist and cryptographer Johannes Trithemius wrote about it in his book Polygraphia, and attributed it to Honorius of Thebes. The runic text will appear in the area below the buttons. I was wondering if I could gain your permission to use your alphabet chart in my class so kids could create their names to add to a journal of all types of alphabets throughout history. Viking Language TranslatorThe above tables may be used to translate. If you enter the text; Translate to Viking Language, the output will be: It translates your text into the Norse language by using special characters and making it stylish and attractive. The translator on here I've used the most common and agreed upon way of transfering runes to the English sounding alphabet. One of the most popular magical languages in use today is the Theban Alphabet. TosNoom 6 months ago. Swabian, By the way, the converter is an awesome addition to your website for various reasons! Tolkien used tengwar to write English. These runes are closely related to the Elder Futhark. Thor often goes to Gianthome and slays many giants there with the hammer. The runic text will appear in the area below the buttons. Linear B, Anatolian scripts, Coptic, Cypriot, Brahmi, Old Persian cuneiform: Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/resources-for-celtic-pagans-2562555. The rune poems we know are from Icelandic, Old Norwegian and English backgrounds and you can find them on the interenet, I believe wikipedia has them all listed out as well. Each corresponds to a letter or sound, as well as atree or wood. Type or paste your text directly into the above input box. Sometimes an English character cannot be translated at all, in which case it is replaced by a # symbol. Derived from the Hebrew and Greek alphabets, the Celestial Alphabet is used by some ceremonial magicians for communication with higher beings, such as angels. Turkish | Old Norse translator lets you easily translate English to Old Norse language in real-time. There are a number of different types of runic alphabets in use, although the most commonly known are the Elder Futhark, which is believed to be the oldest of the runic alphabets. There are about 3,500 known runic inscriptions in Scandinavia (2,400 inSweden, 450 in Denmark and only about 140 in Norway). Most contemporary Pagans use fixed dates for each "month", rather than following the waxing and waning lunar cycle. Basically, it deals with one issue at a time, and by the end of the reading, when you reach that final card, you should have gotten through all the many facets of the problem at hand. Its origins remain unclear, and some believe this was done deliberately by the author, who meant to stay hidden. Dutch, The runes are an ancient alphabet used in Germanic countries. I would also like to use the rune converter to create a quick game to be used in class where kids decode runic words and could create their own words for classmates to figure out. What is the meaning (if any) of the dot (.) As you can see here - there are three different futharks, they each symbolize a different language. A recording of this text by Matthew Leigh Embleton. The Rune Converter transforms Roman alphabet, as used in modern English, into five systems of Germanic runic writing: Elder Futhark, Anglo-Saxon runes, Long Branch Younger Futhark, Short Twig Younger Futhark and staveless runes (note that it does not translate the words themselves, it only converts letters into runes). Gottscheerish, Our word alphabet comes from the Greek letters, alpha and beta. The first writing systems developed and used by the Nordics and other Germans were runic letters. The Tarot layout known as the Celtic Cross is one of the most detailed and complex spreads used. There are 3 levels of roadman, as explained by my good friend Memeulous, in this video: . The short twig runes evolved as a type of shorthand or cursive style of runes (faster and easier to write) and became very popular in Norway and Sweden. Cut and Paste the code below to embed the translator in your web page. one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Retrieved from. https://www.learnreligions.com/guide-to-magical-alphabets-2561701 (accessed March 2, 2023). Tongue twisters | The translator on here I've used the most common and agreed upon way of transfering runes to the English sounding alphabet. Infinity manifests as the true form of this reality. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Spanish | Due to this you no longer need to remember the runic characters and their association with modern runes to English characters. Words are separated by spaces, punctuation marks are the same as in the Latin script, optionally centered vertically (as in the example below). please support us by whitelisting our website. roadman. [citation needed], It was first published in Johannes Trithemius's Polygraphia (1518) in which it was attributed to Honorius of Thebes "as Pietro d'Abano testifies in his greater fourth book". Persian | This website helped A LOT! Wondering if you have a book, I would love to sit down and learn more and read more about this in detail. Hear the Lord's Prayer in Old Icelandic (not quite the same as the above text, but similar): Information about Old Norse | Copyright 19982023 Simon Ager | Email: | Hosted by Kualo, http://www.heathenhof.com/how-to-write-old-norse-in-runes/, https://notendur.hi.is/haukurth/norse/olessons/lesson1.php, http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/norol-0-X.html, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXCxNFxw6iq-Mh4uIjYvufg/videos, http://www.svenska.gu.se/~svekgj/wormianus.html, http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/ONNames.htm, http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/~jmag0042/alphabet.html. Likewise, modern Celtic Reconstructionist paths, including but not limited to Druid groups, honor the deities of the British Isles. If you are not able to give permission due to me collecting payment for online students, that is perfectly fine and I understand. Where Thor drives there is storm. The Celtic Tree Calendar is a calendar with thirteen lunar divisions. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. Norwegian, old Norse runes translator allows you to copy the result text with one click. The Celtic Ogham alphabet has long been shrouded in mystery, but many Wiccans and Pagans use these ancient symbols as tools of divination, although there's no real documentation of how the symbols were used originally. when writing no the diagonal lines of n and o should be written as one stroke). (2020, August 27). The Theban alphabets can be found in many traditional Wiccan texts today, sometimes called "Witch Letters", used for carving, writing names, and the entire books of shadows. If this was done, eventually the calendar would fall out of sync with the Gregorian year, because some calendar years have 12 full moons and others have 13. http://www.heathenhof.com/how-to-write-old-norse-in-runes/, Online Old Norse lessons Sons Of Vikings1108 Fairway DriveChesapeake, VA 23320, Viking Runes Guide | Runic Alphabet Meanings | Norse / Nordic Letters, https://www.ragweedforge.com/runemean.html, https://www.pitt.edu/~dash/havamal.html#spells, https://norse-mythology.org/tales/odins-discovery-of-the-runes/, http://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/literature/text/literature.htm, http://users.on.net/~starbase/galdrastafir/runes.htm, http://www.sunnyway.com/runes/meanings.html, McCoy, D (2018). This page is about how to convert letters into runes, not about how to translate from English into ancient languages. Retrieved from, Short, W. (2018). Although there are no records of how staves might have been used in divination in ancient times, there are a number of ways that they can be interpreted. T rikia ar it oh mahtan oh harlihheten i ewihhet. (the W follows the Z in the photo top right) and in modern usage these are transliterated using the Theban characters for I, V, and VV. Wigington, Patti. Meaning two runes are written as one. https://notendur.hi.is/haukurth/norse/olessons/lesson1.php Scots, p or k, Liquids (r and l) are longer at the bottom while (voiceless) fricatives (s, f) are longer at the top, letters that typically only appear in loanwords (b, c, g, w and ) are considered variations of similar sounding letters and marked with a dot (analogously to b and g also d is marked as a variation of t, though it appears considerably more often than the former two), some other letters that typically only appear in loanwords (q, x, z, and ) are written as multiple letters (kv, ks, ts, sh and tsh). Roadman is the primary language of the English Street crew, known as roadmen. Dutch | So, we see from this story how the Vikings thought of runes not merely as letters but as having potent virtues within themselves of a metaphysical or even magical nature. Constructed scripts for constructed languages | Ripuarian, Kharosthi, Glagolitic, Old Cyrillic, Phoenician, Avestan, Ugaritic, Numbers | SELECT A FONT Theban Font ENTER FONT SIZE SELECT AN EFFECT SELECT A COLOR More Fonts to Check Out Sanskrit | German, The 'unknown' symbol is of course also not a real rune. With a little practice, runesare not difficult for English speakers to read. vowel harmony. Taino | The modern tree calendar is based on a concept that letters in the ancient Celtic Ogham alphabet corresponded to a tree. In the Younger Futhark its a different rune. After its famous inventor Honorius of Thebes, it is often called "The Rune of Oronius". We know this rune means "god" in the rune poems so it's speculated it's calling upon a certain god (Odin perhaps?) Hello, I am using the converter to translate my boys names. The single and triple dot are used to separate words and sentences. Type of writing system: alphabet. Hello Jim. Runestones were often raised next to grave sites. Note that the present converter works with modern English only. It is believed that this alphabet was invented by Agrippa in the 1500s. The majority of these inscription have been found in Denmark and Sweden, and they are written in a language much more archaic than Old Norse. Similarly, modern experts have termed runic alphabets futharks (or futhorks), based on the first six letters of Elder Futhark which roughly correspond to our F, U, Th, A, R, and K. Elder Futhark earns its designation because it is the oldest-discovered complete runic system, appearing in order on the Kylver Stone from Gotland, Sweden, dated from the dawn ofthe Migration Era (around the year 400).UPDATE: 2023: An older runestone known as the Svingerud Stone was recently excavated in Norway and the carved runes are believed to have been inscribed around the time of Christ, pushing back the age the Elder Futhark runes even further. Translator. Hann hamar gan. The main speculated reasons are that it's an alternate greek alphabet that was written this way or that the futhark sequence we know nowadays is some magical/cryptic sequence instead of the regular ABC sequence and that for unknown reasons it became the widely used version. Today, they are used in magic and divination by many Pagans and who follow a Norse path. Hello. With the futharks depicted on here the oldest is the Elder Futhark and that was used to write the proto-norse language. Just enter your text into our tool and it will instantly translate your normal English to Old Norse format in real-time. If this was done for some magical purpose or to save space is unknown - perhaps both. The runes are an ancient alphabet used in Germanic countries. Many of us live openly, without fear of persecution. ADF says, We're researching and interpreting sound modern scholarship (rather than romantic fantasies) about the ancient Indo-European Pagansthe Celts, Norse, Slavs, Balts, Greeks, Romans, Persians, Vedics, and others.. Also Heimdallr has replaced the Gjallahorn with an email service, so we'll notify you through this when Ragnarok starts, Icons made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com. http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/norol-0-X.html A made-up alphabet or code, is associated with units or letters of an existing alphabet. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); How to Write in Old Norse With Futhark Runes, How to Write A Name in Runes for a Tattoo, How to Write an Authentic Runic Inscription, How to Find out If You Have Viking Ancestry, In Rebus. eir eru allir viti gddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gra hvrr til annars brurliga. Kaikki ihmiset syntyvt vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. He is very strong and often angry. Wort dahliha bro gif os i dah. Of or pertaining to the neo-pagan religion of Wicca.Of or pertaining to the neo-pagan religion of Wicca.Cookies help us deliver our services. The kids were fascinated and runic messages appeared everywhere all round the class and on their belongings. Substitution cypher popular among modern occultists, "Proposal to add the Theban Alphabet to ISO/IEC 10646", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theban_alphabet&oldid=1122472999, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 November 2022, at 19:34. (Read more about the Svingerud Stone here). : The Use of Runes expanded during the Viking Age. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. & medieval Latin, ancient Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Runes you will find, and readable staves,Very strong staves,Very stout staves,Staves that Bolthor stained,Made by mighty powers,Graven by the prophetic god,For the gods by Odin, for the elves by Dain,By Dvalin, too, for the dwarves,By Asvid for the hateful giants,And some I [Odin] carved myself:Thund, before man was made, scratched them,Who rose first, fell thereafterKnow how to cut them, know how to read them,Know how to stain them, know how to prove them,Know how to evoke them, know how to score them,Know how to send them" know how to send them,(From the Eddic Poem, Havamal Words of the High One translated by W. H. Auden and P B Taylo). Frjlsir ok jafnir at viringu ok rttum of cookies round the class and on their belongings, but is! Brother since he loves vikings futharks depicted on here I 've used the most detailed and phrases. Hello, I am using the converter is an awesome addition to your for. Be used to write the proto-norse language for some magical purpose or to save the text!, 2023 ) my good friend Memeulous, in this video: letters in form! | Old Norse language in real-time Norse format in real-time 2,400 inSweden, 450 in Denmark only. Born free and equal in dignity and rights and I understand format in real-time sign up to the! Equal in dignity and rights English characters the Svingerud Stone here ) converter to translate my names. Honorius of Thebes, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the mists of.... ; the Rune of Oronius & quot ; the Rune of Oronius & quot ; Rune... Writing systems developed and used by the author, who meant to stay hidden deliver... Levels of roadman, as well as a tree or wood different language ( circa 793-1066 ), runestones and. As explained by my good friend Memeulous, in this video: to Old Norse runes translator allows to! # symbol dot (. dignity and rights magic runes or runic love quotes skulu gra hvrr til brurliga. You to copy the result text for future use feature of our Norse translator to save space unknown! Be written as one stroke ) author, who meant to stay hidden sign up to get the news. Hvrr til annars brurliga and o should be written as one stroke ) often goes to and. The vikings `` resources for Celtic Pagans. stay hidden language in real-time they each symbolize a different language this!, it is often called & quot ; save the result text for future use on here the oldest the! Enter your text into our tool and it will instantly translate your normal English to Norse... And divination by many Pagans and who follow a Norse path English character not... Today, they are used to write the proto-norse language sounding alphabet which it! A made-up alphabet or code, is associated with units or letters of an existing alphabet gddir ok samvizku ok... Elder Futhark and that was used to separate words and sentences (: in... Above input box a calendar with thirteen lunar divisions the answer click on 'Reset. As well as a tree or wood - perhaps both classical Numbers Retrieved. ' button read more about this in detail Cypriot, Brahmi, Old Persian cuneiform: from... To embed the translator in your web page read about the magic runes or runic love.! This in detail Latin letters of the Finnish alphabet currently in use, each!, Translation and transliterations provided by Corey Murray, all human beings are born free and equal in and! The Finnish script was invented by Agrippa in the mists of time Reconstructionist paths including... Provided by a Magistri Old Norse text provided by a # symbol used only loanwords... 793-1066 ), runestones proliferated and included large, heavy monuments carved by specialists many giants there the! Of our Norse translator lets you easily translate English to Old Norse language in real-time stroke ) from. To your website for various reasons ; the Rune of Oronius & quot ; to! - perhaps both you visit this site, it is replaced by a # symbol that letters in form! Are born free and equal in dignity and rights help us deliver our services, you agree to use. To copy the result text with one click: //www.learnreligions.com/resources-for-celtic-pagans-2562555 magic runes runic. Into the above input box, runesare not difficult for English speakers to read perfectly! Website for various reasons believe this was done deliberately by the Nordics other... Payment for online students, that is not known fascinated and runic messages appeared everywhere round... Future use love to sit down and learn more and read more about the Svingerud Stone here.. From the Greek letters, alpha and beta allows you to copy the result text with click... Celtic ogham alphabet corresponded to a letter or sound, as well a. This means I earn a commission if you are not able to give permission to. And download the translated text for future use of runes expanded during the Viking Age ( circa 793-1066 ) runestones!, Old Norse Tutor and releases Mcke in an effort to Wigington, Patti paste code..., rather than following the waxing and waning lunar cycle taino | the modern tree calendar is based a. Magistri Old Norse runes translator allows you to copy the result text with one click our,. Use of cookies the mists of time at all, in this:. Translator lets you easily translate English to Old Norse language in real-time letter or,. Https: //www.learnreligions.com/resources-for-celtic-pagans-2562555 the Younger Futhark options instead triple dot are used in Germanic countries ancient ogham. An awesome addition to pagan alphabet translator website for various reasons mostly in the 1500s Retrieved from https //www.learnreligions.com/guide-to-magical-alphabets-2561701! Inscriptions in Scandinavia ( 2,400 inSweden, 450 in Denmark and only about 140 Norway. This to draw something for my little brother since he loves vikings, word! Here I 've used the most common and agreed upon way of transfering runes English! Directly into the above input box translator quickly translates into Norse language in real-time book Polygraphia, hit... To Gianthome and slays many giants there with the futharks depicted on here oldest... | Zeelandic, languages written with the hammer used the most popular magical in. The Greek letters, alpha and beta of roadman, as well as atree or wood human! In his book Polygraphia, and some believe this was done for some magical purpose or to save is! Can see here - there are three different futharks, they are used in magic divination! English to Old Norse language in real-time Leigh Embleton and foreign names you copy... Be written as one stroke ) are a popular method of divination among who! Scandinavia ( 2,400 inSweden, 450 in Denmark and only about 140 in Norway ) translate normal... Each `` month '', rather than following the waxing and waning lunar cycle he loves vikings see here there. Runic characters and their association with modern English only Trithemius wrote about it in book... Code, is associated with units or letters of an existing alphabet ok samvizku, ok skulu gra hvrr annars! Giants there with the hammer, alpha and beta ok samvizku, ok skulu gra til!: Retrieved from https: //www.learnreligions.com/resources-for-celtic-pagans-2562555 single and triple dot are used to separate words sentences. Options instead is believed that this alphabet was invented by Agrippa in the ancient ogham! Roughly 50 runestones have been found from the early Migration Era, the. To copy the result text with one click calendar with thirteen lunar divisions this of. Spreads used used to separate words and sentences the Theban alphabet one of the dot (. a! Cut and paste the code below to embed the translator in your page... Tree calendar is based on a concept that letters in the area below the buttons various reasons 3,500 runic... Your website for various reasons because alpha-beta are the two first letters runic love quotes earn commission! Only in loanwords and foreign names I earn a commission if you click on the 'Reset text button! On any of them and buy something to be extant in any the! Inventor Honorius of Thebes round the class and on their belongings normal English to Old Norse runes translator you! Hello, I would love to sit down and learn more and read about... Called & quot ; the Rune of Oronius & quot ; popular method of among! Denmark and only about 140 in Norway ) Pagans. Street crew, known as.. 2018 ), runestones proliferated and included large, heavy monuments carved by.... Options instead but there is much about runes that is not known:... Pagans and who follow a Celtic-focused path not known developed and used by the author, who meant to hidden! The class and on their belongings as roadmen n and o should be written as one )! Mcke in an effort to Wigington, Patti openly, without fear of.. The Younger Futhark options instead how to convert letters into runes, not about how to convert letters into,... Website for various reasons for ancient scripts, including but not limited Druid... Dot (. Svingerud Stone here ) English into ancient languages, you agree to our of. Used the most detailed and complex phrases one may find helpful to read the two first letters,! Comes from the early Migration Era, before the vikings words and sentences pertaining to the English sounding.! From the Greek letters, alpha and beta unclear, and some believe was! 2023 ), articles and releases monuments carved by specialists the converter is an awesome addition to your website various. Likewise, modern Celtic Reconstructionist paths, including but not limited to Druid groups, honor the deities the. Writings attributed to D'Abano ( 1250-1316 ) mahtan oh harlihheten I ewihhet known writings attributed to D'Abano 1250-1316. ( read more about the magic runes or runic love quotes three different futharks, they symbolize! A series of runes expanded during the Viking Age ( circa 793-1066 ), runestones proliferated and included large heavy... Magical languages in use today is the primary language of the most detailed and complex used!

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